Red Teaming
Malware Analysis
IoT / Reverse / Firmware
Basic tips
Finding ELF format
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readelf -h hotplug
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└─$ xxd -c 1 -l 6 hotplug
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00000000: 7f .
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00000001: 45 E
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00000002: 4c L
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00000003: 46 F
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00000004: 01 .
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00000005: 01 .
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If the last line (the sixed byte) is 01, according to ELF format, 01 is little endian and 02 is big endian.
Create file image with rootFS from scratch
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dd if=/dev/zero of=myimage.img bs=1M count=500
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mkdir -p MountPoint
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mkfs.ext2 myimage.img
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mount -t ext2 -o loop myimage.img MountPoint
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cp rootfs.tar MountPoint
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cd MountPoint
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tar -xvf rootfs.tar
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df -h
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umount MountPoint
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dd if=myimage.img bs=1k | gzip -v9 > rootfs.gz
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DD
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dd bs=1 skip=THEOFFSET count=THELENGTH if=INPUTFILENAME of=OUTPUTFILENAME
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file output # to check ;)
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To cut the "Linux kernel version 2.6.36" we need to do:
- Get the skip offset: 3163712
- Get the count size: 3226456 - 3163712 = 62.744
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dd if=1C bs=1 skip=3163712 count=62744 of=kernel_out
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file kernel_out
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kernel_out: DIY-Thermocam raw data (Lepton 3.x), scale 7417-5248, spot sensor temperature 0.000000,
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cat kernel_out | strings | less
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cpio unpacking
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cpio -idm — no-absolute-filenames < cpio
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Reversing Firmware
Medium
OverlayFS
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sudo docker run --privileged=true --name=firmware -p 2221:22 -p 8888:80 -p 4443:443 -p 2223:23 -it 8d319a850335
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cd /tmp
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mkdir lower upper workdir overlay
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mount -t overlay -o lowerdir=/tmp/lower,upperdir=/tmp/upper,workdir=/tmp/workdir none /tmp/overlay
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e.g.:
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mount -t overlay -o lowerdir=/tmp/firmwarefs,upperdir=/,workdir=/tmp/workdir none /tmp/overlay
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chroot /tmp/overlay /bin/sh
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OverlayFS | Programster's Blog
sasquatch
Since
file doesn't recognize it, the vendor probably used a custom SquashFS magic signature. I expect that unsquashfs is also giving you an error about not being able to find a valid superblock. Give sasquatch a try; it's a modified version of unsquashfs that attempts to support such vendor hacks.
GitHub - devttys0/sasquatch
GitHub
GDB server
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target:> gdbserver localhost:2000 /bin/httpd
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or
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target:> ./gdbserver-7.12-mips-be-stripped localhost:5555 /bin/httpd
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host :> gdb /bin/httpd
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(gdb) target remote 127.0.0.1:2000
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continue
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stepi
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next
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disas "function"
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GitHub - hugsy/gdb-static: Public repository of static GDB and GDBServer
GitHub
Trace apps with qemu-mipsel-static
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sudo apt-get install qemu qemu-user qemu-user-static
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sudo apt-get install gdb-multiarch
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sudo apt-get install 'binfmt*'
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$ sudo apt-get install libc6-mipsel-cross # For MIPS-EL
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$ sudo apt-get install libc6-armhf-armel-cross # For ARM
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$ sudo apt-get install gcc-4.4-mipsel-linux-gnu # For MIPS-EL on Ubuntu 14.04
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$ sudo apt-get install gcc-mipsel-linux-gnu # For MIPS-EL on Ubuntu 16.04
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$ sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf # For ARM
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$ sudo mkdir /etc/qemu-binfmt
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$ sudo ln -s /usr/mipsel-linux-gnu /etc/qemu-binfmt/mipsel # MIPSEL
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$ sudo ln -s /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf /etc/qemu-binfmt/arm # ARM
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---execution---------
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qemu-mipsel -strace ./myelf
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or
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qemu-mipsel-static -strace ./myelf
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------GDB--------
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$ qemu-mipsel -g 12345 ./a.out &
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or
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./qemu-mipsel-static -g 12345 /bin/httpd
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$ gdb-multiarch ./a.out
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(gdb) set arch mips
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The target architecture is assumed to be mips
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(gdb) set endian little
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The target is assumed to be little endian
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(gdb) target remote localhost:12345
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Remote debugging using localhost:12345
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(gdb) info functions
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Non-debugging symbols:
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0x00407360 _init
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0x004073f0 _ftext
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0x004075a0 CheckWanType
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0x004078ac check_dhcpc
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0x00407d80 CheckPPPOE
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0x00407ed0 random_xid
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0x004082bc send_discover
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0x00408754 udhcp_checksum
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0x00408884 get_raw_packet
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0x00408c60 parsePacket
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0x004096c8 printErr
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0x004097f8 computeTCPChecksum
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0x0040a100 sendPADT
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0x0040a874 pktLogErrs
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0x0040bca0 discovery
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0x0040c020 openInterface
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0x0040c3e4 sendPacket
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0x0040c498 receivePacket
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(...)
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Cross debugging for ARM / MIPS ELF with QEMU/toolchain
Reverse Engineering Stack Exchange
Mips binaries
GitHub - darkerego/mips-binaries: Various binaries for the mips architecture.
GitHub
gdb-static-cross/prebuilt at master · stayliv3/gdb-static-cross
GitHub
Last modified 5mo ago